African ungulates recognize a locally extinct native predator

Regulation of shrub dynamics by native browsing ungulates on East African rangeland

1. Herbivores, edaphic features and fire are primary factors regulating the balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation in savannas. Many observational studies have evaluated the potential effects of browsing herbivores on woody plant dynamics in African savannas, but few experimental studies have compared the dynamics of African savannas with and without browsers. 2. A replicated herbivore...

Estimating the body mass of extinct ungulates: a study on the use of multiple regression

The correlation between body mass and both skeletal and dental measures in living mammals has enabled paleontologists to obtain reliable estimates of body size for extinct species, usually using log-transformed bivariate least-squares regression equations. Multiple regression, however, has rarely been used for estimating the mass of extinct species, although this technique can clearly improve t...

Endocasts of Notoungulates and Brain Evolution in Extinct South American Ungulates

Anti-predator Behaviours of a Freshwater Crayfish (paranephrops Zealandicus) to a Native and an Introduced Predator

The anti-predator behaviours of a New Zealand freshwater crayfish (Paranephrops zealandicus) to the native long-finned eel (Anguilla dieffenbachii) and the introduced brown trout (Salmo trutta) were investigated. Crayfish modified their behaviour in the presence of both trout and eels. However, a significantly greater number of defensive chela displays and swimming responses were made to eels t...

An efficient algorithm to recognize locally equivalent graphs

There are local operators on (labeled) graphs G with labels (gij) in a finite field. If the field is binary, the operations are just the local complementations, but in the general case, there are two different types of operators. For the first type, let v be a vertex of the graph and a ∈ Fq, and we obtain a graph with labels g ′ ij = gij+agvigvj . For the second type of operators, let 0 6= b ∈ ...